Активация - процесс, по завершении которого IPhone готов к использованию.
Пока Вы не активируете IPhone, ни одна из его функций не будет доступна.
Единственное возможное действие - это экстренный вызов 911.

anySIM - это программа для разблокировки от команды iPhone Dev Team.
С её помощью становится возможным использование любой SIM-карты для работы с iPhone.
Это GUI вариант программы iUnlock от тех же ребят из iPhone Dev Team.
Функционально похожа на Unlock.app (от Harro)

Apptapp Installer - Имеет функциональность jailbreak'а,
которая помогает в установке программ для iPhone'a. Существует под Mac и Win.

ARM Core (ядро ARM) - Процессор использующийся для работы Операционной Системы (OC),
являющайся умпрощённой версией  OC Mac OS X. Работа ОС поностью управляет ресурсами iPhona'a
(Память, Flash, baseband и т.д), и наблюдает работающие в iPhone приложения.

Baseband - This is the processor that manages all the functions which require access to an antenna. The GSM phone, as well as the Wi-Fi and Bluetooth are all under the control of the baseband processor. This processor has its own RAM and flash resources, separate from the ARM core resources. The baseband processor is a resource to the operating system. Source.

Boot loader - This is a very small program in non-volatile memory (can be flash, often not eraseable) that 'bootstraps' a processor startup, and calls the main (usually much larger) program. The boot loader also provides a protocol for obtaining and storing an updated version of the main program. Normally, the boot loader is not updated. It is the main program that gets upgraded, not the boot loader. Also, if something happens during the update of the main program, the boot loader will always be there to save you and restore the main program with the preferred one. However, when you update the boot loader, if anything undesireable happens, the boot loader will be corrupted. This means that the processor will not restart at all. The phone is dead for all intents and purposes at this point. Source.

Bricked - This is the least understood term of all time when it comes to cell phone modding (and not just with the iPhone). Bricked denotes a phone that is dead, or completely unusable. It would only be good for parts. No one fixes a bricked phone! Ever! People who don't know any better use this term to describe any abnormality that renders a phone unsuable for a short period of time.

Bypass activation - This is a process whereby an iPhone is not linked to a service contract with AT&T. Using programs like iNdependence, wiNstaller, and PACAY allows for bypassing the procedure that has you sign up for this contract. You can then use any feature except for the phone.

EDGE - Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE) or Enhanced GPRS (EGPRS), is a digital mobile phone technology that allows it to increase data transmission rate and improve data transmission reliability. Although technically a 3G network technology it is generally classified as the unofficial standard 2.75G, due to its slower network speed. EDGE has been introduced into GSM networks around the world since 2003, initially in North America. (Quoted from Wikipedia.)

GSM - Global System for Mobile communications is the most popular standard for mobile phones in the world. Its promoter, the GSM Association, estimates that 82% of the global mobile market uses the standard. GSM is used by over 2 billion people across more than 212 countries and territories. Its ubiquity makes international roaming very common between mobile phone operators, enabling subscribers to use their phones in many parts of the world. (Quoted from Wikipedia). Obivously the iPhone uses GSM technology. AT&T and T-Mobile are the larget providers for GSM cell phone service. Other popular carriers like AllTell, Sprint and Verizon use a competing and uncompatible technology called CDMA.

Hardware unlock - This method was devised by GeoHot. It requires opening the iPhone to gain access to a circuit board. With the help of command line programs, an electrial jumper connection is made and the iPhone is able to be unlocked. This method did not survive the 1.1.1 firmware update.

iBrickr - Allows for jailbreaking, and file management (including ringtones and programs). This is a Windows program.

iNdependence - Is a program that allows for jailbreaking, bypassing activation, installation of SSH and simplifies changing of SSH passwords, managing ringtones, wallpapers and installs programs. This is a Mac program.

iPhoneInterface - A deprecated command line program that allowed you to add or remove files or programs from the iPhone's file system. You need to jailbreak before you can use this program, at least initially. This is a Mac and Windows program.

iUnlock - Is a command line version of anySIM released by the iPhone Dev Team. This is for unlocking iPhones with firmware 1.0.2

Jailbreak - This is a process that allows you to run unsigned code on the iPhone. The iPhone programming runs in a sandbox. Unless you can break out of this sandbox, you can only run the programs Apple has already installed on the iPhone. You are required to jailbreak your iPhone to run any 3rd party applications. Programs like Jailbreak (deprecated), iBrickr and AppTapp Installer and wiNstaller perform this for you. Jailbreak is a Mac and Windows program.

Locked - A locked iPhone is one that can only use a properly contracted AT&T SIM to make phone calls with. This is the SIM the iPhone comes with out of the box.

Secpack - Short for security package I presume. A secpack is like a password for the bootloader. When handed off to the bootloader, it allows write access to the baseband.

SIM - A Subscriber Identity Module is a removable smart card for mobile cellular telephony devices such as mobile computers and mobile phones. SIM cards securely store the service-subscriber key (IMSI) used to identify a GSM subscriber. The SIM card allows users to change phones by simply removing the SIM card from one mobile phone and inserting it into another mobile phone or broadband telephony device.

Unlocked - An unlocked iPhone can use any SIM from any carrier in the world.

Wi-Fi - Unofficially known as Wireless Fidelity, is a wireless technology brand owned by the Wi-Fi Alliance intended to improve the interoperability of wireless local area network products based on the IEEE 802.11 standards. Common applications for Wi-Fi include Internet and VoIP phone access, gaming, and network connectivity for consumer electronics such as televisions, DVD players, and digital cameras. (Quoted from Wikipedia.)

3G - 3G is the third generation of mobile phone standards and technology, after 2G. 3G technologies enable network operators to offer users a wider range of more advanced services while achieving greater network capacity through improved spectral efficiency. Services include wide-area wireless voice telephony and broadband wireless data, all in a mobile environment. The iPhone currently does not use 3G.

Unlike IEEE 802.11 networks, 3G networks are wide area cellular telephone networks which evolved to incorporate high-speed internet access and video telephony. IEEE 802.11 networks are short range, high-bandwidth networks primarily developed for data.

In December 2005, 100 3G networks were operating in 40 countries, according to the Global mobile Suppliers Association. In Asia, Europe, Canada and the USA, telecommunication companies use W-CDMA technology with the support of around 100 terminal designs to operate 3G mobile networks. (Quoted from Wikipedia.)